There are a number of resources that describe the concept of osmolality (and osmolarity) in the context of calf liquid feeding. Here are a few, in no particular order. Links to external sites are not endorsements of their content, products, or services.
- Effects of milk replacer powder added to pasteurized whole milk over different durations on dairy calves fed ground starter diet with alfalfa hay
- Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves
- Osmolality Tests
- Osmolality in Calf Milk Replacer: Why It Matters for Gut Health and Growth
- Calf Note 206 – Adding electrolytes to milk or milk replacer
- Invited review: Total solids concentration in milk or milk replacer for dairy calves
- Are your Calves Getting too Much of a Good Thing?
- Calf milk feeding – volume, milk solids, and adjusting for cold weather
- Completing the osmolality story
- The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves
- What is osmolality and why is it important in calf rearing?